“同(tong)類工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)、同(tong)樣崗位，在(zai)北京(jing)還是在(zai)西部(bu)城(cheng)市，工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)差(cha)出一大截”——許多人對(dui)(dui)地(di)區工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)差(cha)距感受(shou)頗(po)深(shen)。地(di)區工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)差(cha)距有(you)多大?正在(zai)發(fa)生哪些變化?人力資(zi)源和社會保障部(bu)勞動工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)所近日發(fa)布《薪(xin)酬發(fa)展報告(2013—2014)》，對(dui)(dui)近年(nian)來的地(di)區工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)水平發(fa)展狀(zhuang)況(kuang)進行了(le)分析。

一些工資水平較低的省份增速較高

地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)工(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)是收入(ru)分配關系的(de)重(zhong)要內容。由于地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)經濟發(fa)展不(bu)平(ping)衡，改革開放(fang)后相(xiang)(xiang)當長一段時間，我國地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)間工(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)收入(ru)差距不(bu)斷拉大(da)。《薪酬報(bao)告》顯示，1995年(nian)我國地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)最高(gao)工(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)是最低(di)工(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)2.7倍(bei)，最高(gao)工(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)與(yu)最低(di)工(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)相(xiang)(xiang)差5145元(yuan)。到2008年(nian)，地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)工(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)差距為2.69倍(bei)，絕對額(e)相(xiang)(xiang)差高(gao)達35565元(yuan)。近(jin)幾年(nian)，隨著產(chan)業結構調整和區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域經濟的(de)發(fa)展，西部大(da)開發(fa)戰略以及(ji)振興(xing)東北老工(gong)業基地(di)(di)等國家宏觀政策的(de)實施，地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)間收入(ru)差距呈逐步縮(suo)小的(de)態勢(shi)。2010年(nian)，地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)間平(ping)均工(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)高(gao)低(di)倍(bei)數(shu)下降到2.38倍(bei)，2012年(nian)繼續(xu)(xu)下降到2.33倍(bei)，2013年(nian)以來基本延續(xu)(xu)了這(zhe)一走(zou)勢(shi)。

從各(ge)地(di)區工(gong)資(zi)(zi)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)看，全(quan)國各(ge)地(di)大(da)體可分為(wei)4個(ge)梯(ti)隊(dui)。工(gong)資(zi)(zi)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)最高的第一梯(ti)隊(dui)主(zhu)要是北京和上海(hai)，在2012年城(cheng)鎮(zhen)單(dan)位(wei)就業(ye)(ye)人員平(ping)(ping)均工(gong)資(zi)(zi)就已超過(guo)7萬(wan)元，工(gong)資(zi)(zi)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)明顯高于其他省(sheng)(sheng)份(fen)。第二梯(ti)隊(dui)包括天津、西藏、江蘇、廣東(dong)、浙江5個(ge)省(sheng)(sheng)份(fen)，平(ping)(ping)均工(gong)資(zi)(zi)在5萬(wan)元以上。第三梯(ti)隊(dui)包括寧(ning)(ning)夏、內蒙古、青海(hai)、安徽、新疆、福建、重(zhong)慶、山(shan)西、陜西、四川(chuan)、山(shan)東(dong)、遼寧(ning)(ning)、貴州(zhou)13個(ge)省(sheng)(sheng)區市，其余為(wei)第四梯(ti)隊(dui)。第三、四梯(ti)隊(dui)中，除(chu)個(ge)別省(sheng)(sheng)份(fen)外(wai)，城(cheng)鎮(zhen)單(dan)位(wei)就業(ye)(ye)人員工(gong)資(zi)(zi)均低于全(quan)國平(ping)(ping)均水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)，這也說(shuo)明我(wo)國經濟發展(zhan)不平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)造成(cheng)地(di)區間(jian)收入水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)差距較大(da)。

不過(guo)，一些(xie)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)水平(ping)較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)的(de)省份，工(gong)(gong)資(zi)增(zeng)速近(jin)年(nian)(nian)來(lai)表現較(jiao)(jiao)好。如甘肅(su)、新(xin)疆、黑龍江三地(di)，近(jin)年(nian)(nian)來(lai)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)增(zeng)速大(da)大(da)高于(yu)全國平(ping)均水平(ping)。增(zeng)速較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)的(de)省份有遼寧、河北、海(hai)(hai)(hai)南、西藏、上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)等地(di)。特別是上(shang)(shang)海(hai)(hai)(hai)市，由于(yu)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)增(zeng)長速度(du)相對較(jiao)(jiao)慢，失去了多年(nian)(nian)來(lai)在全國的(de)“老大(da)”地(di)位，工(gong)(gong)資(zi)水平(ping)近(jin)年(nian)(nian)來(lai)已被北京趕(gan)上(shang)(shang)。

地區GDP總量大，工資水平未必高

影(ying)響地區工(gong)資水平的因(yin)素是多(duo)方面的，《薪酬報告(gao)》主要(yao)分析了勞動(dong)生產率和GDP工(gong)資占(zhan)比對(dui)地區工(gong)資水平的影(ying)響。

勞動(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)是衡量(liang)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)經濟(ji)效益(yi)的(de)(de)主要指標，地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)勞動(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)水(shui)平的(de)(de)高低直接影響地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)工資水(shui)平。通常情況下，地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)勞動(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)越高，工資水(shui)平越高，反之(zhi)則(ze)低。《薪酬報告(gao)》顯示，全國(guo)約77%的(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)實(shi)際(ji)工資增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)高于實(shi)際(ji)勞動(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)。其中，實(shi)際(ji)工資增(zeng)(zeng)速(su)(su)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)勞動(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)增(zeng)(zeng)速(su)(su)較多的(de)(de)有(you)黑龍江、江西、山(shan)西、甘肅、北(bei)京、廣東等地(di)。這表明(ming)，全國(guo)大部(bu)分地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)堅持了“勞動(dong)(dong)報酬增(zeng)(zeng)長(chang)和勞動(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)提高同步”的(de)(de)原則(ze)。分區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域看，實(shi)際(ji)工資水(shui)平最高的(de)(de)東部(bu)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)實(shi)際(ji)勞動(dong)(dong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)率(lv)的(de)(de)幅(fu)度最大，二者(zhe)相差2.91個(ge)百分點，其次為東北(bei)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。

地(di)區(qu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)總(zong)(zong)額(e)在(zai)(zai)地(di)區(qu)生產(chan)總(zong)(zong)值中占(zhan)比(bi)，表明地(di)區(qu)生產(chan)總(zong)(zong)量中用于工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)的(de)比(bi)例。這一指標的(de)變化直(zhi)接影響地(di)區(qu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)水平的(de)高(gao)(gao)低。《薪酬報(bao)告》顯(xian)示，各地(di)區(qu)GDP工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)占(zhan)比(bi)大多集中在(zai)(zai)10%—14%之間(jian)，但高(gao)(gao)低占(zhan)比(bi)相差(cha)較大。考察2012年(nian)的(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據，工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)占(zhan)比(bi)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)的(de)北京市(shi)，達(da)到33.63%，高(gao)(gao)出全國平均水平數(shu)(shu)(shu)倍(bei);而工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)占(zhan)比(bi)最(zui)低的(de)江蘇(su)省(sheng)(sheng)，連續幾年(nian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)占(zhan)比(bi)都在(zai)(zai)8%以下，2012年(nian)僅(jin)為(wei)7.78%。分(fen)(fen)析認為(wei)，北京市(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)占(zhan)比(bi)高(gao)(gao)，主(zhu)要是(shi)由(you)于高(gao)(gao)素質人(ren)才的(de)大量存(cun)在(zai)(zai)使北京市(shi)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)總(zong)(zong)額(e)較高(gao)(gao)，而北京市(shi)的(de)GDP總(zong)(zong)量并不算高(gao)(gao)。江蘇(su)省(sheng)(sheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)占(zhan)比(bi)自2006年(nian)以來(lai)一直(zhi)排(pai)名居末，一方(fang)面(mian)是(shi)因為(wei)江蘇(su)省(sheng)(sheng)GDP總(zong)(zong)量大，在(zai)(zai)全國位居前三，導致基數(shu)(shu)(shu)較大，另(ling)一方(fang)面(mian)與江蘇(su)省(sheng)(sheng)并沒有因GDP創造多而過多分(fen)(fen)配(pei)有關。

中西部地區工資水平有較大提升空間

合理的(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)(qu)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)關系有(you)(you)利于區(qu)(qu)域經濟的(de)(de)健(jian)康協調可持續發展，也有(you)(you)利于人才(cai)的(de)(de)合理流動和(he)生產(chan)要(yao)素的(de)(de)轉移。《薪酬報告》認(ren)為，目前地(di)區(qu)(qu)間工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)差距(ju)雖然出(chu)現積極變(bian)化，但(dan)總體差距(ju)仍然比較(jiao)大(da)。近幾年東(dong)西部(bu)的(de)(de)差距(ju)有(you)(you)所(suo)(suo)下(xia)降，但(dan)下(xia)降幅(fu)度有(you)(you)限，在(zai)增(zeng)速最低(di)的(de)(de)省(sheng)份里，中西部(bu)地(di)區(qu)(qu)所(suo)(suo)占比例大(da)。地(di)區(qu)(qu)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)總體格局(ju)未有(you)(you)大(da)的(de)(de)改變(bian)，依然是東(dong)部(bu)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)水平高，中、西、東(dong)部(bu)地(di)區(qu)(qu)較(jiao)低(di)。考察工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)增(zeng)長(chang)與(yu)勞(lao)動生產(chan)率(lv)(lv)增(zeng)長(chang)狀況，雖然全國多數(shu)地(di)區(qu)(qu)做到了同步提(ti)高，但(dan)仍有(you)(you)少(shao)數(shu)省(sheng)份實際工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)增(zeng)速低(di)于勞(lao)動生產(chan)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)增(zeng)速，而這些省(sheng)份主要(yao)分布在(zai)中西部(bu)和(he)東(dong)北(bei)，并且平均工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)水平排名在(zai)全國15名之后(hou)，表(biao)明這些地(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)還有(you)(you)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)提(ti)升空間。

人社部(bu)勞(lao)動(dong)工資(zi)(zi)研(yan)究所所長劉學民認為(wei)，地(di)區(qu)工資(zi)(zi)差距今(jin)后應進(jin)一步縮小，這(zhe)需要政府加大宏觀調控力度，通過地(di)區(qu)產(chan)業結構的調整和完善，逐(zhu)步引導勞(lao)動(dong)密集(ji)型產(chan)業向(xiang)中(zhong)西部(bu)地(di)區(qu)合理轉移，在加大對中(zhong)西部(bu)地(di)區(qu)投資(zi)(zi)的同時加大持續力度，促進(jin)形成合理的經濟布局，促使地(di)區(qu)間工資(zi)(zi)水(shui)平從非均(jun)衡性(xing)向(xiang)均(jun)衡性(xing)方向(xiang)發展。

他表(biao)示，黨(dang)的(de)十八(ba)大(da)報告提(ti)出“努力(li)實現勞動(dong)報酬(chou)增長和(he)勞動(dong)生(sheng)產率(lv)提(ti)高(gao)同步”和(he)“提(ti)高(gao)勞動(dong)報酬(chou)在(zai)初次分配中的(de)比重”，這應當成為縮小地區間工資收(shou)入差距的(de)具體路(lu)徑。本(ben)報記(ji)者 白天(tian)亮